Okinawa, a tropical paradise in the southernmost part of Japan, stands apart from mainland Japan due to its unique blend of history, culture, and tradition. Once known as the Ryukyu Kingdom, Okinawa is where travelers can experience a world where ancient customs are still celebrated alongside modern life. From the sound of sanshin strings to the colorful patterns of bingata textiles, and the aroma of nuchigusui cuisine, this island group culture has rich depth. In this blog, we will explore Okinawa’s traditional culture, exploring its symbols, arts, traditions, and of course — the delicious cuisine!

Bits of American influence remain in Mihama

HISTORY

Over the years, the tides of history haven’t always been kind, and today, the fight to preserve Okinawan/Ryukyuan heritage is more important than ever. Okinawa’s past is just as colorful as its coral reefs. Let’s start way back with the Ryukyu Kingdom — think of it as Okinawa’s independent phase. Before it became part of Japan, Okinawa was its own kingdom, trading with China, Korea, and Southeast Asia like a true gem of the seas. The Ryukyuans were expert sailors and diplomats, welcoming influences from all over Asia and creating a melting pot of culture that’s still celebrated today. They had their own kings, their own language, and a capital at Shuri Castle full of bling and brains. In the 1600s, Japan’s Satsuma clan showed up in Okinawa, and Okinawa became a kind of international middleman, technically part of Japan but still doing business with China on the side—a bit of a diplomatic juggling act! This blend of influences made Okinawan culture a fantastic mix of Japanese, Chinese, and indigenous Ryukyu elements, which you can still see in everything from the architecture to the local music. For example, Kokusaidori is Okinawa’s famous international street. Fast forward to World War II, and Okinawa found itself at the center of one of the Pacific’s fiercest battles, forever changing the islands and their people. After the war, Okinawa was under U.S. control until 1972, and this American influence added yet another layer to its already diverse mix of culture. An example would be Mihama American Village. From the ancient shisa statues guarding doorways to the traditional Eisa drum dances lighting up festivals, Okinawa’s history is alive and welcoming.

FOOD

champuru is a great reflection of Okinawan culture, as it means “mixed”

THE FLAVORS OF OKINAWA: KUSUIMUN AND NUCHIGUSUI

Okinawan cuisine is more than just food; it’s a philosophy. The concepts of kusuimun (medicine food) and nuchigusui (life medicine) are central to Okinawan cooking, where food is prepared not only for its taste but also for its health benefits. A typical Okinawan meal might include Goya champuru (a stir-fry with bitter melon, tofu, and pork), rafute (braised pork belly), and Okinawa soba (noodles made from wheat flour served in a pork-based broth). Luncheon meat, often Spam, is also surprisingly popular, a remnant of the American occupation after World War II, and creatively incorporated into dishes like somen champuru.

Okinawan cuisine is characterized by its use of local ingredients like imo (sweet potatoes), shikuasa (a type of citrus), and tōfu yō (fermented tofu). The food is typically lighter and less oily than that of mainland Japan, reflecting the island’s warm climate and the need for easily digestible dishes. And no meal would be complete without a glass of awamori, Okinawa’s distinctive rice liquor, aged to perfection and often enjoyed with friends while sharing stories and laughter.

TEXTILES AND CLOTHING

notice the bold ryuso, featuring two main colors

OKINAWAN TEXTILES: BINGATA, YUNTANZA HANAUI, AND MORE

The textiles of Okinawa are a delight for the eyes, with traditional dyeing techniques like bingata and coral dyeing creating patterns that are as beautiful as they are intricate. Bingata, a stencil-dyeing technique that dates back to the Ryukyu Kingdom, produces colorful patterns featuring flowers, birds, and mythical creatures. Back in the day, bingata was all about making a statement. Natural dyes, like the deep blue of Ryukyu indigo and the warm yellow from the fukugi tree, weren’t just about looking good—they were about who you were. And if that wasn’t fancy enough, they also used pricey pigments imported from China. These vibrant, hand-dyed garments were so special that only the royalty and samurai could rock them. Nobles flaunted larger patterns that declared importance, while the samurai class went for smaller, more refined designs that quietly alerted others that they are not to be messed with. And if you spotted someone in yellow, you’d know you were in the presence of the highest-ranking individual around. Every color had a purpose, showing off not just rank but also age and gender. It was like a secret language written in fabric!

During the Ryukyu Kingdom period, bingata wasn’t just a craft—it was a competition. The three great bingata families—Chinen, Shiroma, and Takushi—were like the fashion houses of old Okinawa. These masters of the dyeing arts served the samurai class and constantly upped their game to outdo each other in craftsmanship. Imagine a centuries-old Project Runway, but with silk, stencils, and a lot more tradition. World War II was a dark time for bingata, with the art nearly disappearing altogether. But just when it seemed like the tradition would be lost to the ages, a few dedicated craftsmen, like Eiki Shiroma and Sekko Chinen, stepped up. These heroes of heritage managed to revive the craft, ensuring that bingata continues to tell its colorful story today.

Meanwhile, yuntanza hanaui, a form of hand weaving from the village of Yomitan, creates more subdued but equally stunning designs. Fibers, such as silk or cotton are dyed with natural dyes found locally, such as in Okinawa’s mountains. The finished product can be used for a number of home or clothing uses.

Okinawan textiles, whether in the form of a simple scarf or a formal kimono, are treasured not just for their beauty but also for the skill and artistry that go into their creation. Preservation groups and cultural centers have stepped in, offering workshops and apprenticeships to ensure that these skills aren’t forgotten. Younger generations are being encouraged to take up traditional crafts, blending traditional techniques with modern designs to keep the art relevant and fresh.

RYUSO: OKINAWAN FASHION

Okinawan traditional attire, or Ryuso, is a colorful reflection of the island’s striking culture. Unlike the more subdued colors of mainland Japan’s kimono, Ryuso are known for their vivid hues, particularly red and yellow. The outfit is typically composed of two main colors, accented by patterns. The striking patterns often feature motifs from nature, such as flowers, birds, and waves, symbolizing the island’s connection to the natural world. Women’s Ryuso, known as uchina-sugai, are especially eye-catching, with layers of flowing fabric that create an elegant silhouette.

Okinawan Ryuso differ from traditional Japanese kimono mainly in weight and airiness. Okinawa has a subtropical climate, so the outfits must be lighter and looser for proper ventilation.

Wearing Ryuso for festivals and ceremonies is a way to celebrate Okinawan heritage.

LANGUAGE, MUSIC, AND MOVEMENT

Okinawan / Ryukyuan Traditional Dances are integral to preserving culture

1. THE OKINAWAN LANGUAGE: A CULTURAL TREASURE

The Okinawan language, or Uchinaaguchi, is a linguistic treasure. Uchinaaguchi is still spoken by elders in rural areas and is used in traditional songs, proverbs, and rituals. There are multiple Ryukyuan languages spoken across the islands, each with its own distinct flavor. Many people in Okinawa speak Japanese influenced by Ryukyuan languages. Like Japanese, there are also loan words from English. In the late 1800s, Okinawan and Ryukyuan dialects were discouraged and Standard Japanese was taught in Okinawan schools. But since the mid 1900s, more preservation efforts have been made towards the traditional Okinawan language. However, with the rise of standardized Japanese education and media, these languages are still at risk of disappearing.

Local groups and activists are working tirelessly to keep these languages alive through community classes, online resources, and even YouTube channels. Learning a few phrases in Uchinaaguchi can be a fun way to connect with locals and gain a deeper appreciation for the island’s heritage. Even a simple greeting like “Haisai!” (Hello!) can open doors to rich conversations and warm interactions.

2. OKINAWA DANCES: EISA AND KACHASHI

If you ever see an Okinawan dance performance, you will know just how powerful the island’s traditional arts can be. Dance is an integral part of Okinawan culture, with Eisa and Kachashi being two of the most prominent traditional dances. Eisa is a dynamic, drum-based dance performed during the Obon festival to honor ancestors. Young men and women don colorful costumes and perform energetic routines, their movements synchronized with the powerful beats of taiko drums and the melodies of the sanshin. On the other hand, Kachashi is a celebratory dance performed at weddings, festivals, and other joyous occasions. It’s an improvised, free-flowing dance where participants wave their hands in the air, often joined by everyone present, creating a sense of unity and communal joy.

Local music schools, community events, and even popular Okinawan pop bands blend these traditional sounds into modern music, keeping the beat alive in new and exciting ways.

3. THE MELODIC STRAINS OF THE SANSHIN

The sanshin, a three-stringed instrument covered in snake skin, is the heartbeat of Okinawan music. Its origins trace back to China, but over centuries, the sanshin has evolved into an instrument that embodies the soul of Okinawan music. Whether it’s the soft, melancholic tunes of traditional minyo (folk songs) or the lively, upbeat rhythms of Eisa dance, the sanshin sets the tone for many cultural performances. Learning to play the sanshin is a rite of passage for many Okinawans, and its music continues to resonate deeply within the community, connecting past and present. There are a number of local shops that offer sanshin lessons, and some even let you make your own instrument as part of the experience! Most teachers will show you the basics in a laid-back, casual setting—perfect for anyone looking to add a new skill to their travel repertoire.

4. THE ART OF KARATE

Okinawa is the birthplace of karate, way back to the Ryukyu Kingdom days, where locals developed a form of self-defense that combined native techniques with influences from Chinese martial arts. Karate is now a martial art that has gained worldwide recognition. Unlike the flashy moves often depicted in movies, traditional Okinawan karate emphasizes discipline, self-control, and respect. It’s not just about physical strength, but also about developing a strong mind and spirit. Visit a local dojo, where you can witness karate practitioners, from young children to seasoned masters, honing their skills through repetitive practice and meditation. The dedication and humility of these martial artists reflect the deep-rooted values of Okinawan culture, where strength is balanced with compassion.

A fun little tidbit: “karate” literally means “empty hand,” emphasizing that the best weapon is, well, yourself. No fancy gear, just you and your sheer determination.

SPIRITUALITY

OKinawa’s Spiritual Guards, Shisa

1. SHISA: THE GUARDIANS OF OKINAWA

As you stroll through Okinawa’s towns and villages, you’ll spot a common sight: pairs of lion-dog statues known as shisa. These mythical creatures, believed to protect homes and businesses from evil spirits, are an iconic symbol of Okinawan culture. Often placed in pairs—one with an open mouth to ward off evil and the other with a closed mouth to keep good spirits in—shisa are a fusion of Chinese guardian lions and indigenous beliefs. One of the coolest things about Shisa is that they come in all shapes, sizes, and expressions. Some look super fierce and serious, while others have big goofy grins that make you want to be their friend. You’ll see them everywhere—from intricately carved stone statues at temples to brightly painted ceramic versions sitting on souvenir shop shelves. Some Shisa are traditional, with classic designs that scream “guardian of the ages,” while others are downright quirky, decked out in bright colors, floral patterns, or even dressed up as samurai. These statues act as a spiritual security system!

Where to Find Shisa in Okinawa:

- On Rooftops and Gates: The easiest way to spot Shisa is just to look up! Homes and businesses all over Okinawa have them perched on rooftops, gates, or even sneaking around in gardens. It’s like a treasure hunt.

- Shuri Castle: Head to the iconic Shuri Castle in Naha, where you can see some traditional Shisa keeping watch over this ancient Ryukyu kingdom site. They’ve got a serious, old-school vibe that makes you feel like you’ve stepped back in time.

- Pottery Villages: For a true Shisa experience, visit Yachimun Street in Naha or Tsuboya Pottery District, where you can see local artisans crafting these protectors by hand. You might even get the chance to make your own Shisa in a pottery class!

Shisa Statues and Shops: If you’re looking to bring a little Shisa magic back home, every souvenir shop in Okinawa is packed with Shisa of all sizes and styles. From tiny keychains to full-sized statues, there’s a Shisa for everyone.

2. ISHIGANTO: STONES WITH PURPOSE

As you navigate the winding streets of Okinawan villages, you might stumble upon a mysterious stone slab known as ishiganto. These stones, typically inscribed with protective symbols or words, are placed at intersections or near homes to ward off malevolent spirits and misfortune. The ishiganto tradition, like many in Okinawa, blends indigenous beliefs with influences from other cultures, in this case, Chinese geomancy. Ishiganto stones are protective amulets made of stone, typically inscribed with the Chinese characters. In Chinese mythology, there’s a belief that evil spirits can only move in straight lines. When they come zooming down a street and hit a dead-end or an awkward turn, they get stuck. Enter the ishiganto! By placing these stones at strategic spots, you effectively block the spirits from causing trouble. In Okinawa, ishiganto became a staple in traditional village layouts, especially at t-junctions or places considered spiritually vulnerable. Over time, they’ve evolved from simple protective stones into a cultural icon, blending superstition, history, and a bit of street-smart engineering.

They’re a quiet nod to the past, to old superstitions that have shaped the island’s unique character. Plus, who wouldn’t want a little extra protection from the unknown? Some places sell personalized versions, where you can get your name or a little message added next to the traditional characters—so you can have your very own guardian stone wherever you go.

3. TOMBS: HONORING ANCESTORS

The reverence for ancestors is deeply ingrained in Okinawan culture, and this is most evident in the island’s unique tombs. Unlike the small, simple graves found elsewhere in Japan, Okinawan tombs are large, often shaped like a turtle’s back, and can accommodate multiple generations of a family. The turtle is a symbol of longevity, protection, and connection to the afterlife, making it the perfect guardian for the departed. These tombs, known as kamekōbaka, are meticulously maintained by descendants who visit regularly to pay their respects. The annual Shimi festival, where families gather to clean and decorate the tombs while offering food and prayers, is a poignant reminder of the Okinawan belief in the eternal bond between the living and the dead.

Where to See Kamekobaka:

Kin Town: One of the best places to see kamekōbaka up close, this town has a stunning collection of these turtle-back tombs nestled along the coastline, offering a beautiful and serene look into Okinawan traditions.

Shuri Area: Near Shuri Castle, you’ll find several kamekōbaka that give a glimpse into how Okinawan royalty and nobles honored their ancestors.

Okinawan Countryside: The best kamekōbaka are often tucked away in quiet, scenic locations. A road trip through Okinawa’s countryside will reveal many hidden tombs dotting the landscape, especially near coastal cliffs with ocean views.

The royal tomb, Tamaudun Mausoleum, is a massive stone mausoleum built in the early 16th century for the Ryukyu royal family. Located next to Shuri Castle, it was constructed during the reign of King Shō Shin, who wanted a grand resting place for his family that would rival the royal tombs of China and Japan. The mausoleum is made of limestone and consists of three main chambers, each serving a different purpose: one for kings and queens, one for other royal family members, and one for storing bones after a traditional Okinawan funerary practice. The structure is impressive, blending Chinese and Okinawan architectural influences, with intricate carvings and designs. The tomb has seen its fair share of history, including damage during World War II and the 1945 Battle of Okinawa, but it was carefully restored and recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000.

Tamaudun Mausoleum, for the Ryukyu Royals

CONCLUSION:

Okinawa is a place where tradition and modernity coexist. Its culture is rooted in a deep respect for nature, and a resilient spirit that has endured through centuries of change. Whether you’re listening to the soothing sounds of the sanshin, tasting the healing flavors of nuchigusui cuisine, or dancing in the joyful rhythm of Kachashi, remember that you’re experiencing something much more than a simple cultural artifact. You’re witnessing a living, breathing history that the people of Okinawa are fighting to protect, one song, dance, and story at a time.

Preserving Okinawan culture isn’t just about saving traditions—it’s about honoring an identity that has weathered colonization, war, and modernization. It’s about celebrating resilience and ensuring that future generations know where they come from. The preservation efforts in Okinawa are not just about keeping history alive—they’re about inspiring pride, connection, and a sense of belonging in a rapidly changing world.